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Thinning of the retina and retinal, pigment epithelium in the region immediately surrounding the optic nerve head. This can be seen in a number of pathologic and benign conditions.

A flat, rather featureless area of the ciliary body which contains relatively few blood vessels. Instruments used in vitreoretinal surgery are inserted in this region.

A collection of retinal ganglion cells that carry the information from the macula (the central retina) to the optic nerve and on to the brain. If damaged, central visual field defects occur.